What Did the Leaders of the Reformation Want to Form Again Name of the City Produced Dante

The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and behavior that would define the continent in the mod era.

In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry Eight challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church'due south ability to ascertain Christian practice. They argued for a religious and political redistribution of power into the easily of Bible- and pamphlet-reading pastors and princes. The disruption triggered wars, persecutions and the then-called Counter-Reformation, the Cosmic Church building'southward delayed but forceful response to the Protestants.

Dating the Reformation

Historians usually date the first of the Protestant Reformation to the 1517 publication of Martin Luther's "95 Theses." Its ending can be placed anywhere from the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, which allowed for the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in Germany, to the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' State of war. The key ideas of the Reformation—a call to purify the church and a conventionalities that the Bible, non tradition, should be the sole source of spiritual authority—were non themselves novel. Nevertheless, Luther and the other reformers became the showtime to skillfully use the power of the printing press to give their ideas a wide audience.

The Reformation: Federal republic of germany and Lutheranism

Martin Luther (1483-1546) was an Augustinian monk and university lecturer in Wittenberg when he composed his "95 Theses," which protested the pope's auction of reprieves from penance, or indulgences. Although he had hoped to spur renewal from inside the church, in 1521 he was summoned earlier the Diet of Worms and excommunicated.

Sheltered by Friedrich, elector of Saxony, Luther translated the Bible into German and continued his output of vernacular pamphlets. When German language peasants, inspired in part by Luther'due south empowering "priesthood of all believers," revolted in 1524, Luther sided with Deutschland's princes. By the Reformation'due south end, Lutheranism had become the state organized religion throughout much of Germany, Scandinavia and the Baltics.

The Reformation: Switzerland and Calvinism

The Swiss Reformation began in 1519 with the sermons of Ulrich Zwingli, whose teachings largely paralleled Luther'southward. In 1541 John Calvin, a French Protestant who had spent the previous decade in exile writing his "Institutes of the Christian Organized religion," was invited to settle in Geneva and put his Reformed doctrine—which stressed God's ability and humanity's predestined fate—into practice. The issue was a theocratic government of enforced, austere morality.

Curl to Continue

Calvin'southward Geneva became a hotbed for Protestant exiles, and his doctrines rapidly spread to Scotland, France, Transylvania and the Low Countries, where Dutch Calvinism became a religious and economical force for the adjacent 400 years.

The Reformation: England and the "Middle Way"

In England, the Reformation began with Henry VIII'south quest for a male heir. When Pope Clement Vii refused to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could remarry, the English king declared in 1534 that he lone should be the final authority in matters relating to the English church. Henry dissolved England's monasteries to confiscate their wealth and worked to place the Bible in the easily of the people. Kickoff in 1536, every parish was required to have a copy.

After Henry's expiry, England tilted toward Calvinist-infused Protestantism during Edward 6'due south six-yr reign and then endured five years of reactionary Catholicism under Mary I. In 1559 Elizabeth I took the throne and, during her 44-year reign, cast the Church building of England as a "middle manner" between Calvinism and Catholicism, with vernacular worship and a revised Book of Common Prayer.

The Counter-Reformation

The Cosmic Church was slow to respond systematically to the theological and publicity innovations of Luther and the other reformers. The Council of Trent, which met off and on from 1545 through 1563, articulated the Church's answer to the problems that triggered the Reformation and to the reformers themselves.

The Catholic Church building of the Counter-Reformation era grew more than spiritual, more than literate and more educated. New religious orders, notably the Jesuits, combined rigorous spirituality with a globally minded intellectualism, while mystics such every bit Teresa of Avila injected new passion into the older orders. Inquisitions, both in Espana and in Rome, were reorganized to fight the threat of Protestant heresy.

The Reformation'due south Legacy

Along with the religious consequences of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation came deep and lasting political changes. Northern Europe'southward new religious and political freedoms came at a groovy cost, with decades of rebellions, wars and encarmine persecutions. The Xxx Years' State of war alone may have cost Germany forty percent of its population.

Only the Reformation'southward positive repercussions can exist seen in the intellectual and cultural flourishing it inspired on all sides of the schism—in the strengthened universities of Europe, the Lutheran church music of J.S. Bach, the bizarre altarpieces of Pieter Paul Rubens and even the capitalism of Dutch Calvinist merchants.

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Source: https://www.history.com/topics/reformation/reformation

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